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DESCRIPTION

This file contains special instructions for setting up ViewCVS on Windows. It
will take you through a basic installation and tell you how to set up optional
features like code colorizing and the MySQL commit database.

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REQUIREMENTS

ViewCVS requires the Python interpreter which you can download from

  http://python.org/

and the Python for Windows Extensions which are at

  http://starship.python.net/crew/mhammond/win32/

ViewCVS also requires that the CVSNT client (cvs.exe) OR the RCS tools
(rlog.exe, rcsdiff.exe, and co.exe) be installed on your computer. CVSNT is
available from

  http://www.cvsnt.org/

and RCS can be obtained from:

  http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/trinkle/RCS/

Once you've got Python and CVSNT or RCS installed, you can test out ViewCVS
before you install it by running:

  python standalone.py -r <PATH_TO_REPOSITORY>

The standalone server has a number of features (including a GUI interface)
which you can find out about by running

  python standalone.py --help

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BASIC INSTALLATION

Run the ViewCVS install script with

  python viewcvs-install

The script will copy the source files into an installation directory that you
specify, store some path information, and compile the ViewCVS library files
into Python bytecode.

After the installation is finished you will need to edit the viewcvs.conf file
in the folder you installed to. The comments in that file tell you exactly what
to do.

With the config file set up you should be able to double-click standalone.py
and access your repository with a web browser.

See the sections below for information on setting up optional features and
troubleshooting. From here on <PYTHON_DIR> will stand for the Python root
directory (usually something like C:\Python22) and <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR> will
represent the directory where ViewCVS has been installed to (default is
C:\Program Files\viewcvs-1.0-dev).

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SERVER CONFIGURATION

If you want to make ViewCVS available to a network (rather than using it on a
standalone machine), you will need to configure a web server to host it. This
section includes instructions for setting up ViewCVS on two commonly used
Windows web servers, IIS and Apache.

With IIS, you can run ViewCVS in CGI mode or ASP mode (or both modes). ASP mode
gives better performance (faster page loads), but is harder to set up and may
be less stable. CGI mode is stable and easy to set up but slower.

On Apache, you can use CGI mode or Mod_Python mode or both modes at once.
Mod_Python mode is faster than CGI mode.

CGI Mode On IIS

  1) Copy viewcvs.cgi and query.cgi from <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\www\cgi to a
  folder that is accessible through your web server.

  2) Start up the IIS "Internet Services Manager" and right click a virtual
  server or virtual directory that contains the files you just copied. Choose
  "Properties" from the context menu that appears.

  3) On the properties dialog that appears, navigate to [Home | Virtual]
  Directory -> Application Settings -> Configuration. This will bring up
  another dialog box called "Application Configuration".

  4) On the "App Mappings" tab choose "Add". Fill in the following information

                 Executable:  <PYTHON_DIR>\python.exe "%s"
                  Extension:  cgi
              Script Engine:  checked
     Check that file exists:  unchecked

  That is all. Assuming you've set up viewcvs.conf to point to your
  repositories, the CGI pages should run. See the Troubleshooting section below
  if there are any problems.

ASP Mode On IIS

  In order to run ViewCVS with ASP, you will need to enable Python ActiveX
  scripting and to install the included Aspfool ISAPI filter on whatever
  virtual server is being used to serve the viewcvs pages. Step by step
  instructions follow below. Aspfool is located in the windows\aspfool folder.

  To set up ASP mode, follow these steps:

  1) Run <PYTHON_DIR>\Lib\site-packages\win32comext\axscript\client\pyscript.py
  to register Python as an ASP scripting language. (More documentation on this
  is at http://www.python.org/windows/win32com/ActiveXScripting.html)

  2) Copy the viewcvs.asp and query.asp files from
  <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\www\asp to a folder that is accessible through your web
  server.

  3) Start up the IIS "Internet Services Manager" and right click on the
  virtual server that contains the files you just copied. Choose "Properties"
  from the context menu that appears.

  4) On the properties dialog that appears, click the "ISAPI Filters" tab.
  Click the "add" button and enter the following information:

     Filter Name:  aspfool
      Executable:  aspfool.dll

  After you save these changes, the ViewCVS ASP pages should begin to work.

CGI Mode on Apache

  Follow the instructions under "Apache Configuration" in the ViewCVS INSTALL
  file.

Mod_Python Mode on Apache

  There are probably ten thousand different ways to set up Apache, mod_python,
  and ViewCVS together. Here are some instructions that work for me using
  Mod_Python 3.0.3 and Apache 2.0.46. If any Apache gurus want to contribute
  better instructions, I'd be happy to include them here.

  1) Run the win32 mod_python installer from www.modpython.org.

  2) Add the following line to the "Global Environment" section of httpd.conf

     LoadModule python_module modules/mod_python.so

  3) Copy viewcvs.py, query.py, and .htaccess from
  <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\www\mod_python to a folder being served by apache. Make
  sure overrides are allowed in this folder. The relevant parent directory in
  httpd.conf should have "AllowOverride All" set, or at least "AllowOverride
  FileInfo Options".

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ENSCRIPT HIGHLIGHTING

To use enscript, you'll have to install the enscript, libintl, libiconv, and
sed packages from the gnuwin32 project (http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/).
Detailed instructions are on their site, but here is the basic procedure.

1) Extract all packages to a folder on your hard drive, for example c:\gnuwin32

2) Add "c:\gnuwin32\bin" to the system "PATH" environment variable. If ViewCVS
is running as part of a system service like IIS you will need to reboot the
computer so it is able to see the value. See the "Troubleshooting" section
below for specific information on when a reboot is neccessary.

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BONSAI-LIKE CHECKIN DATABASE

To use the checkin database, you'll need to install MySQL and the MySQL-Python
interface. MySQL can be downloaded from www.mysql.com. The MySql-Python adapter
is available from http://sf.net/projects/mysql-python/. Make sure to grab the
the latest version from the "Files" section. (The "Home Page" link takes you to
an outdated page that only links to very old versions.) Both packages come with
GUI installers. Once you have MySQL running and set up with a username and
password, follow these instructions to set up ViewCVS.

1) Open a command prompt and type these commands:

   cd /d <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>
   python make-database

The script that comes up will prompt you for the MySQL username and password
(you should have created these during the MySQL installation), and the name of
the database to create. The default database name "ViewCVS" should be fine
unless for some reason a database with that name already exists.

2) Enter the username, password, and database name into the [cvsdb] section of
the <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\viewcvs.conf file.

3) At the command prompt run

   python cvsdbadmin rebuild <repository>

where <repository> is the path to your CVS repository.

4) If you want the checkin database to be dynamically updated with every
checkin, add the following line to your CVSROOT/loginfo file:

   ALL python "<VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\loginfo-handler" %{sVv}

If you decide not to enable dynamic updates, you can periodically refresh the
database with "python cvsdbadmin update <repository>"

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CVSGRAPH

To use CvsGraph with ViewCVS, just put cvsgraph.exe in a directory on your
system PATH and set the use_cvsgraph option to 1 in your viewcvs.conf file.

The CvsGraph home page is http://www.akhphd.au.dk/~bertho/cvsgraph/.

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SUBVERSION SUPPORT

To use ViewCVS with Subversion, you'll need to have the Subversion Python
bindings installed. Binaries are available from the Subversion website at:

  http://subversion.tigris.org/servlets/ProjectDocumentList?folderID=91

Or to build from source you can use the instructions here:

  http://svn.collab.net/repos/svn/trunk/subversion/bindings/swig/INSTALL

You'll also need to have diff.exe installed in a directory on your system PATH.
diff.exe is available as part of the GnuWin32 project's DiffUtils package at
http://gnuwin32.sf.net/.

Once the Python bindings and diff are installed, you just need to set the
svn_roots option in viewcvs.conf to point to your repositories.

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ICONS FOR IIS

The default templates supplied with ViewCVS rely on icons that come with
apache. As a replacement for them on IIS, you can use the ones in the
windows/icons folder. Just copy the folder to your web server's root directory
to use them.

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TROUBLESHOOTING

- By far the most common cause of errors in ViewCVS is failure to successfully
  execute the programs it depends on (cvs, rlog, rcsdiff, co, enscript, sed,
  and cvsgraph). To help deal with this problem, ViewCVS includes a special
  debugging mode that displays output from the programs it executes on every
  web page. This allows you to see error messages and other information that
  isn't normally visible. To enable the debugging mode, change line 23 of
  <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\lib\debug.py from:

    SHOW_CHILD_PROCESSES = 0

  to:

    SHOW_CHILD_PROCESSES = 1

  Important: You may need to restart your web server before this change takes
  effect. See "Changes made to..." later in this section.

- A common cause of server errors under IIS is permissions problems. You need
  to make sure that the virtual directory containing the CGI or ASP files has
  script execution enabled. You also need to make sure that the web server user
  accounts (IUSR_machine_name and IWAM_machine_name, where machine_name is your
  computer name) have read and execute access to the .asp or .cgi stub scripts,
  the ViewCVS lib/ folder, the paths where external tools like cvs, rcs,
  enscript, sed, and cvsgraph live, and the CVS repositories. NTFS auditing
  makes it very easy to track down permissions problems. Also look for IIS
  messages in the event log.

- Certain Apache configurations may hide some environment variables from the
  ViewCVS CGI scripts and the programs they launch. You can see whether an
  environment variable is visible from the CGI environment by enabling the
  SHOW_CHILD_PROCESSES debug mode described above. You can force Apache to let
  variables through with the PassEnv directive
  (http://httpd.apache.org/docs/mod/mod_env.html#passenv).

- Changes made to environment variables, ViewCVS source files and the ViewCVS
  configuration file do not always take effect immediately. The table below
  shows what actions you need to take after changing any of these things before
  they will have an effect.

+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
|                | Environment    | ViewCVS        | ViewCVS                 |
|                | Variables      | Source         | Configuration           |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Standalone     | restart        | restart        | restart                 |
| Server         | standalone.py* | standalone.py  | standalone.py           |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| CGI mode under | reboot         | nothing        | nothing                 |
| apache or IIS  | computer       |                |                         |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| mod_python or  | reboot         | restart Apache | restart Apache          |
| under apache   | computer       |                | OR                      |
|                |                |                | reload(viewcvs) in stub |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| asp mode under | reboot         | restart IIS    | restart IIS             |
| IIS            | computer       | OR             | OR                      |
|                |                | Unload ASP App | Unload ASP App          |
|                |                |                | OR                      |
|                |                |                | reload(viewcvs) in stub |
+----------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------------+
  * If standalone.py was launched from a command prompt and you set the
  environment variable through the control panel, you'll need to open a new
  command prompt.

  Notes:

  Under mod_python and ASP, changes made to the stub scripts inside the web
  root do take effect immediately, you only need to take additional action when
  you make changes to the main source files in <VIEWCVS_INSTALL_DIR>\lib

  To "Unload ASP App", go to the IIS properties dialog for the application
  directory containing the ViewCVS .asp files (in Internet Services Manager).
  Switch to the [Home] | [Virtual] Directory tab and click the "Unload" button
  under "Application Settings".

  To "reload(viewcvs) in stub", put these lines in one of the ASP or Mod_Python
  stub scripts:

    import viewcvs
    reload (viewcvs)

  then load the page one or more times in a web browser.

- If you have problems getting ViewCVS to work with mod_python, you can first
  make sure mod_python works standalone with the testing instructions at
  http://www.modpython.org/live/current/doc-html/inst-testing.html.

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KNOWN ISSUES

- If you see ViewCVS errors like

    Error parsing rlog output. Expected RCS file "c:\cvsroot\dir\file,v", found
    "c:\cvsroot\dir\RCS/file,v"

  it's because your RCS utilities don't recognize the RCS file suffix and are
  treating all files specified on the command line like working copies even
  when they end in ",v". You can fix this by including the following string in
  your RCSINIT environment variable:

    -x,v

  Important: You may need to reboot your computer before the environment
  variable has an effect. See "Changes made to..." in the TROUBLESHOOTING
  section.

- The GNU RCS utilities won't work with repository files that use CVSNT's
  unicode expansion mode (-ku). Files that use this mode will show up with the
  "CVS information is unreadable" error message in ViewCVS directory listings.
  To work around this, you can set up ViewCVS to use the CVSNT executable
  (cvs.exe) or CVSNT RCS tools (co.exe, rlog.exe, and rcsdiff.exe) instead of
  the GNU tools.

- The standalone server will not run under Cygwin Python because it does not
  support threads. ASP pages can't be run with Cygwin Python because it does
  not support ActiveX. To use either of these features you should install a
  native Python interpreter.

- On Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server under IIS, enscript might give an error
  like:

    enscript: couldn't open input filter "states -f
    "K:/gnuwin32/share/enscript/hl/enscript.st" -p
    "C://.enscript;K:/gnuwin32/share/enscript/hl" -shtml -Dcolor=1
    -Dstyle=emacs -Dlanguage=html -Dnum_input_files=1
    -Ddocument_title="Enscript Output" -Dtoc=0 -" for file "": No error
    no output generated

  The solution is to give read & execute permissions on cmd.exe to the
  IUSR_computername and IWAM_computername user accounts. (Enscript uses cmd.exe
  internally to launch its little helper program, states.exe).

- By default, ASP will set session cookies at each page load. ViewCVS does not
  use these cookies and they can be safely disabled. You can do this by opening
  the IIS properties dialog for the application directory containing the
  ViewCVS .asp files. Go to the [Home] | [Virtual] Directory tab and click the
  "Configuration" button under "Application Settings". On the dialog that comes
  up, uncheck "Enable Session State" under "App Options" -> "Application
  Configuration".

- Python support for ASP can be a little flaky. If you get strange errors, it
  can sometimes help to uninstall and reinstall it with pyscript.py. A number
  of people have also encountered a problem in ActivePython 2.2 where the first
  loads of any Python ASP page would work, but subsequent loads of the same
  page would always return nothing (leaving the screen blank). There were a
  number of workarounds for this problem, but the fix is to download and
  install the latest python win32 extensions from
  http://starship.python.net/crew/mhammond/win32/Downloads.html

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THANKS

- Bryan T. Vold for improving the original ViewCVS patch by adding support for
  enscript and tarball generation.
- David Resnick for tracking down the cause of re_search failures in
  repositories with non-rcs files and for bringing a bug in
  sapi.AspFile.header() to my attention
- Matt Bunch for finding a better way to address the ASP blank page problem,
  and Keith D. Zimmerman for finding another workaround.
- Rüdiger Koch for reporting a bug in viewcvs PATH_INFO parsing code with
  Apache for Windows as well as Jelle Ouwerkerk and Steffen Yount for providing
  fixes.
- Nick Minutello and Rüdiger Koch for providing workarounds for setting
  enscript_library environment variable with apache. David Duminy for providing
  the first bug report on this.
- Gyula Faller and Tony Cook for independently coming up with CVSNT loginfo
  handlers that accept spaces and don't rely on unix-style echo commands. Tony
  Cook's patch also eliminated the dependency on cat.exe.
- Mathieu Mazerolle for making the unix loginfo handler handle spaces in
  filenames
- Paul Russell for analyzing problems with new fields in CVSNT RCS files.
  Terry.Ninnis@pgen.com for coming up with a partial solution
- Bo Berglund for tracking down the cause of a case-sensitivity issue that
  could lead to problems in the commit database and for patiently working with
  me to finally fix the CVSNT RCS fields problem and another problem with
  enscript.
- Ivo Roessling for finding and fixing a bug in the query page's commit
  grouping code.
- Keith D. Zimmerman for experimenting with enscript and finding some new ways
  to make it work.

original link

The following table lists the locales/languages with an assigned LCID. The purpose of the document is to help developers who are defining NLS services (sorting, time/date formatting, and keyboards/IMEs) for locales that do not yet have native support in Windows to avoid conflict.
Note: The appearance of a language/locale on this list does not indicate Microsoft will offer support for it in the future.

For a list of LCIDs and keyboard combinations for locales that are already supported in Windows XP/Server 2003, see Windows XP/Server 2003 - List of Locale IDs, Input Locale, and Language Collection.

Language - Country/Region 	LCIDHex 	LCIDDec
Afrikaans - South Africa 	0436 	1078
Albanian - Albania 	041c 	1052
Amharic - Ethiopia 	045e 	1118
Arabic - Saudi Arabia 	0401 	1025
Arabic - Algeria 	1401 	5121
Arabic - Bahrain 	3c01 	15361
Arabic - Egypt 	0c01 	3073
Arabic - Iraq 	0801 	2049
Arabic - Jordan 	2c01 	11265
Arabic - Kuwait 	3401 	13313
Arabic - Lebanon 	3001 	12289
Arabic - Libya 	1001 	4097
Arabic - Morocco 	1801 	6145
Arabic - Oman 	2001 	8193
Arabic - Qatar 	4001 	16385
Arabic - Syria 	2801 	10241
Arabic - Tunisia 	1c01 	7169
Arabic - U.A.E. 	3801 	14337
Arabic - Yemen 	2401 	9217
Armenian - Armenia 	042b 	1067
Assamese 	044d 	1101
Azeri (Cyrillic) 	082c 	2092
Azeri (Latin) 	042c 	1068
Basque 	042d 	1069
Belarusian 	0423 	1059
Bengali 	0445 	1093
Bengali (Bangladesh) 	0845 	2117
Bosnian (Bosnia/Herzegovina) 	141A 	5146
Bulgarian 	0402 	1026
Burmese 	0455 	1109
Catalan 	0403 	1027
Cherokee - United States 	045c 	1116
Chinese - People's Republic of China 	0804 	2052
Chinese - Singapore 	1004 	4100
Chinese - Taiwan 	0404 	1028
Chinese - Hong Kong SAR 	0c04 	3076
Chinese - Macao SAR 	1404 	5124
Croatian 	041a 	1050
Croatian (Bosnia/Herzegovina) 	101a 	4122
Czech 	0405 	1029
Danish 	0406 	1030
Divehi 	0465 	1125
Dutch - Netherlands 	0413 	1043
Dutch - Belgium 	0813 	2067
Edo 	0466 	1126
English - United States 	0409 	1033
English - United Kingdom 	0809 	2057
English - Australia 	0c09 	3081
English - Belize 	2809 	10249
English - Canada 	1009 	4105
English - Caribbean 	2409 	9225
English - Hong Kong SAR 	3c09 	15369
English - India 	4009 	16393
English - Indonesia 	3809 	14345
English - Ireland 	1809 	6153
English - Jamaica 	2009 	8201
English - Malaysia 	4409 	17417
English - New Zealand 	1409 	5129
English - Philippines 	3409 	13321
English - Singapore 	4809 	18441
English - South Africa 	1c09 	7177
English - Trinidad 	2c09 	11273
English - Zimbabwe 	3009 	12297
Estonian 	0425 	1061
Faroese 	0438 	1080
Farsi 	0429 	1065
Filipino 	0464 	1124
Finnish 	040b 	1035
French - France 	040c 	1036
French - Belgium 	080c 	2060
French - Cameroon 	2c0c 	11276
French - Canada 	0c0c 	3084
French - Democratic Rep. of Congo 	240c 	9228
French - Cote d'Ivoire 	300c 	12300
French - Haiti 	3c0c 	15372
French - Luxembourg 	140c 	5132
French - Mali 	340c 	13324
French - Monaco 	180c 	6156
French - Morocco 	380c 	14348
French - North Africa 	e40c 	58380
French - Reunion 	200c 	8204
French - Senegal 	280c 	10252
French - Switzerland 	100c 	4108
French - West Indies 	1c0c 	7180
Frisian - Netherlands 	0462 	1122
Fulfulde - Nigeria 	0467 	1127
FYRO Macedonian 	042f 	1071
Gaelic (Ireland) 	083c 	2108
Gaelic (Scotland) 	043c 	1084
Galician 	0456 	1110
Georgian 	0437 	1079
German - Germany 	0407 	1031
German - Austria 	0c07 	3079
German - Liechtenstein 	1407 	5127
German - Luxembourg 	1007 	4103
German - Switzerland 	0807 	2055
Greek 	0408 	1032
Guarani - Paraguay 	0474 	1140
Gujarati 	0447 	1095
Hausa - Nigeria 	0468 	1128
Hawaiian - United States 	0475 	1141
Hebrew 	040d 	1037
Hindi 	0439 	1081
Hungarian 	040e 	1038
Ibibio - Nigeria 	0469 	1129
Icelandic 	040f 	1039
Igbo - Nigeria 	0470 	1136
Indonesian 	0421 	1057
Inuktitut 	045d 	1117
Italian - Italy 	0410 	1040
Italian - Switzerland 	0810 	2064
Japanese 	0411 	1041
Kannada 	044b 	1099
Kanuri - Nigeria 	0471 	1137
Kashmiri 	0860 	2144
Kashmiri (Arabic) 	0460 	1120
Kazakh 	043f 	1087
Khmer 	0453 	1107
Konkani 	0457 	1111
Korean 	0412 	1042
Kyrgyz (Cyrillic) 	0440 	1088
Lao 	0454 	1108
Latin 	0476 	1142
Latvian 	0426 	1062
Lithuanian 	0427 	1063
Malay - Malaysia 	043e 	1086
Malay - Brunei Darussalam 	083e 	2110
Malayalam 	044c 	1100
Maltese 	043a 	1082
Manipuri 	0458 	1112
Maori - New Zealand 	0481 	1153
Marathi 	044e 	1102
Mongolian (Cyrillic) 	0450 	1104
Mongolian (Mongolian) 	0850 	2128
Nepali 	0461 	1121
Nepali - India 	0861 	2145
Norwegian (Bokmål) 	0414 	1044
Norwegian (Nynorsk) 	0814 	2068
Oriya 	0448 	1096
Oromo 	0472 	1138
Papiamentu 	0479 	1145
Pashto 	0463 	1123
Polish 	0415 	1045
Portuguese - Brazil 	0416 	1046
Portuguese - Portugal 	0816 	2070
Punjabi 	0446 	1094
Punjabi (Pakistan) 	0846 	2118
Quecha - Bolivia 	046B 	1131
Quecha - Ecuador 	086B 	2155
Quecha - Peru 	0C6B 	3179
Rhaeto-Romanic 	0417 	1047
Romanian 	0418 	1048
Romanian - Moldava 	0818 	2072
Russian 	0419 	1049
Russian - Moldava 	0819 	2073
Sami (Lappish) 	043b 	1083
Sanskrit 	044f 	1103
Sepedi 	046c 	1132
Serbian (Cyrillic) 	0c1a 	3098
Serbian (Latin) 	081a 	2074
Sindhi - India 	0459 	1113
Sindhi - Pakistan 	0859 	2137
Sinhalese - Sri Lanka 	045b 	1115
Slovak 	041b 	1051
Slovenian 	0424 	1060
Somali 	0477 	1143
Sorbian 	042e 	1070
Spanish - Spain (Modern Sort) 	0c0a 	3082
Spanish - Spain (Traditional Sort) 	040a 	1034
Spanish - Argentina 	2c0a 	11274
Spanish - Bolivia 	400a 	16394
Spanish - Chile 	340a 	13322
Spanish - Colombia 	240a 	9226
Spanish - Costa Rica 	140a 	5130
Spanish - Dominican Republic 	1c0a 	7178
Spanish - Ecuador 	300a 	12298
Spanish - El Salvador 	440a 	17418
Spanish - Guatemala 	100a 	4106
Spanish - Honduras 	480a 	18442
Spanish - Latin America 	e40a 	58378
Spanish - Mexico 	080a 	2058
Spanish - Nicaragua 	4c0a 	19466
Spanish - Panama 	180a 	6154
Spanish - Paraguay 	3c0a 	15370
Spanish - Peru 	280a 	10250
Spanish - Puerto Rico 	500a 	20490
Spanish - United States 	540a 	21514
Spanish - Uruguay 	380a 	14346
Spanish - Venezuela 	200a 	8202
Sutu 	0430 	1072
Swahili 	0441 	1089
Swedish 	041d 	1053
Swedish - Finland 	081d 	2077
Syriac 	045a 	1114
Tajik 	0428 	1064
Tamazight (Arabic) 	045f 	0414
Tamazight (Latin) 	085f 	1119
Tamil 	0449 	1097
Tatar 	0444 	1092
Telugu 	044a 	1098
Thai 	041e 	1054
Tibetan - Bhutan 	0851 	2129
Tibetan - People's Republic of China 	0451 	1105
Tigrigna - Eritrea 	0873 	2163
Tigrigna - Ethiopia 	0473 	1139
Tsonga 	0431 	1073
Tswana 	0432 	1074
Turkish 	041f 	1055
Turkmen 	0442 	1090
Uighur - China 	0480 	1152
Ukrainian 	0422 	1058
Urdu 	0420 	1056
Urdu - India 	0820 	2080
Uzbek (Cyrillic) 	0843 	2115
Uzbek (Latin) 	0443 	1091
Venda 	0433 	1075
Vietnamese 	042a 	1066
Welsh 	0452 	1106
Xhosa 	0434 	1076
Yi 	0478 	1144
Yiddish 	043d 	1085
Yoruba 	046a 	1130
Zulu 	0435 	1077
HID (Human Interface Device) 	04ff 	1279

original link

This list states the country names (official
short names in English) in alphabetical order as given in
ISO 3166-1 and the corresponding ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 code
elements. 

This list is updated whenever a change to the
official code list in ISO 3166-1 is effected by the ISO 3166/MA.

It lists 240 official short names and code
elements.

A-F   G-K   L-R   S-Z

AFGHANISTAN	AF
ÅLAND ISLANDS	AX
ALBANIA	AL
ALGERIA	DZ
AMERICAN SAMOA	AS
ANDORRA	AD
ANGOLA	AO
ANGUILLA	AI
ANTARCTICA	AQ
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA	AG
ARGENTINA	AR
ARMENIA	AM
ARUBA	AW
AUSTRALIA	AU
AUSTRIA	AT
AZERBAIJAN	AZ
BAHAMAS	BS
BAHRAIN	BH
BANGLADESH	BD
BARBADOS	BB
BELARUS	BY
BELGIUM	BE
BELIZE	BZ
BENIN	BJ
BERMUDA	BM
BHUTAN	BT
BOLIVIA	BO
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA	BA
BOTSWANA	BW
BOUVET ISLAND	BV
BRAZIL	BR
BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY	IO
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM	BN
BULGARIA	BG
BURKINA FASO	BF
BURUNDI	BI
CAMBODIA	KH
CAMEROON	CM
CANADA	CA
CAPE VERDE	CV
CAYMAN ISLANDS	KY
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC	CF
CHAD	TD
CHILE	CL
CHINA	CN
CHRISTMAS ISLAND	CX
COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS	CC
COLOMBIA	CO
COMOROS	KM
CONGO	CG
CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE	CD
COOK ISLANDS	CK
COSTA RICA	CR
CÔTE D'IVOIRE	CI
CROATIA	HR
CUBA	CU
CYPRUS	CY
CZECH REPUBLIC	CZ
DENMARK	DK
DJIBOUTI	DJ
DOMINICA	DM
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC	DO
ECUADOR	EC
EGYPT	EG
EL SALVADOR	SV
EQUATORIAL GUINEA	GQ
ERITREA	ER
ESTONIA	EE
ETHIOPIA	ET
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)	FK
FAROE ISLANDS	FO
FIJI	FJ
FINLAND	FI
FRANCE	FR
FRENCH GUIANA	GF
FRENCH POLYNESIA	PF
FRENCH SOUTHERN TERRITORIES	TF
GABON	GA
GAMBIA	GM
GEORGIA	GE
GERMANY	DE
GHANA	GH
GIBRALTAR	GI
GREECE	GR
GREENLAND	GL
GRENADA	GD
GUADELOUPE	GP
GUAM	GU
GUATEMALA	GT
GUINEA	GN
GUINEA-BISSAU	GW
GUYANA	GY
HAITI	HT
HEARD ISLAND AND MCDONALD ISLANDS	HM
HOLY SEE (VATICAN CITY STATE)	VA
HONDURAS	HN
HONG KONG	HK
HUNGARY	HU
ICELAND	IS
INDIA	IN
INDONESIA	ID
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF	IR
IRAQ	IQ
IRELAND	IE
ISRAEL	IL
ITALY	IT
JAMAICA	JM
JAPAN	JP
JORDAN	JO
KAZAKHSTAN	KZ
KENYA	KE
KIRIBATI	KI
KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF	KP
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF	KR
KUWAIT	KW
KYRGYZSTAN	KG
LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC	LA
LATVIA	LV
LEBANON	LB
LESOTHO	LS
LIBERIA	LR
LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA	LY
LIECHTENSTEIN	LI
LITHUANIA	LT
LUXEMBOURG	LU
MACAO	MO
MACEDONIA, THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF	MK
MADAGASCAR	MG
MALAWI	MW
MALAYSIA	MY
MALDIVES	MV
MALI	ML
MALTA	MT
MARSHALL ISLANDS	MH
MARTINIQUE	MQ
MAURITANIA	MR
MAURITIUS	MU
MAYOTTE	YT
MEXICO	MX
MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF	FM
MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF	MD
MONACO	MC
MONGOLIA	MN
MONTSERRAT	MS
MOROCCO	MA
MOZAMBIQUE	MZ
MYANMAR	MM
NAMIBIA	NA
NAURU	NR
NEPAL	NP
NETHERLANDS	NL
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES	AN
NEW CALEDONIA	NC
NEW ZEALAND	NZ
NICARAGUA	NI
NIGER	NE
NIGERIA	NG
NIUE	NU
NORFOLK ISLAND	NF
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS	MP
NORWAY	NO
OMAN	OM
PAKISTAN	PK
PALAU	PW
PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED	PS
PANAMA	PA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA	PG
PARAGUAY	PY
PERU	PE
PHILIPPINES	PH
PITCAIRN	PN
POLAND	PL
PORTUGAL	PT
PUERTO RICO	PR
QATAR	QA
RÉUNION	RE
ROMANIA	RO
RUSSIAN FEDERATION	RU
RWANDA	RW
SAINT HELENA	SH
SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS	KN
SAINT LUCIA	LC
SAINT PIERRE AND MIQUELON	PM
SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES	VC
SAMOA	WS
SAN MARINO	SM
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE	ST
SAUDI ARABIA	SA
SENEGAL	SN
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO	CS
SEYCHELLES	SC
SIERRA LEONE	SL
SINGAPORE	SG
SLOVAKIA	SK
SLOVENIA	SI
SOLOMON ISLANDS	SB
SOMALIA	SO
SOUTH AFRICA	ZA
SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS	GS
SPAIN	ES
SRI LANKA	LK
SUDAN	SD
SURINAME	SR
SVALBARD AND JAN MAYEN	SJ
SWAZILAND	SZ
SWEDEN	SE
SWITZERLAND	CH
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC	SY
TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF CHINA	TW
TAJIKISTAN	TJ
TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF	TZ
THAILAND	TH
TIMOR-LESTE	TL
TOGO	TG
TOKELAU	TK
TONGA	TO
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO	TT
TUNISIA	TN
TURKEY	TR
TURKMENISTAN	TM
TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS	TC
TUVALU	TV
UGANDA	UG
UKRAINE	UA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES	AE
UNITED KINGDOM	GB
UNITED STATES	US
UNITED STATES MINOR OUTLYING ISLANDS	UM
URUGUAY	UY
UZBEKISTAN	UZ
VANUATU	VU
Vatican City State see HOLY SEE
VENEZUELA	VE
VIET NAM	VN
VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH	VG
VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S.	VI
WALLIS AND FUTUNA	WF
WESTERN SAHARA	EH
YEMEN	YE
Zaire see CONGO, THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE
ZAMBIA	ZM
ZIMBABWE	ZW

top

original link

Codes arranged alphabetically by Alpha-3 Code

---

Table of Contents

A-B-- aar to byn	M-N -- mac to nzi
C-D -- cad to dzo	O-P -- oci to pus
E-F -- efi to fur	Q-R -- qaa to rus
G-H -- gaa to hup	S-T -- sad to tyv
I-J -- iba to jrb	U-Z -- udm to zun
K-L -- kaa to lus

---

ISO 639-2 is the alpha-3 code. Where two codes are
provided (22 languages total) the bibliographic code is given first and
the terminology code is given second.

ISO 639-1 is the alpha-2 code. Multiple codes for the same language
are to be considered synonyms.

A-B

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
aar	aa	Afar	afar
abk	ab	Abkhazian	abkhaze
ace		Achinese	aceh
ach		Acoli	acoli
ada		Adangme	adangme
ady		Adyghe; Adygei	adyghé
afa		Afro-Asiatic (Other)	afro-asiatiques, autres langues
afh		Afrihili	afrihili
afr	af	Afrikaans	afrikaans
aka	ak	Akan	akan
akk		Akkadian	akkadien
alb/sqi*	sq	Albanian	albanais
ale		Aleut	aléoute
alg		Algonquian languages	algonquines, langues
amh	am	Amharic	amharique
ang		English, Old (ca.450-1100)	anglo-saxon (ca.450-1100)
apa		Apache languages	apache
ara	ar	Arabic	arabe
arc		Aramaic	araméen
arg	an	Aragonese	aragonais
arm/hye*	hy	Armenian	arménien
arn		Araucanian	araucan
arp		Arapaho	arapaho
art		Artificial (Other)	artificielles, autres langues
arw		Arawak	arawak
asm	as	Assamese	assamais
ast		Asturian; Bable	asturien; bable
ath		Athapascan languages	athapascanes, langues
aus		Australian languages	australiennes, langues
ava	av	Avaric	avar
ave	ae	Avestan	avestique
awa		Awadhi	awadhi
aym	ay	Aymara	aymara
aze	az	Azerbaijani	azéri
bad		Banda	banda
bai		Bamileke languages	bamilékés, langues
bak	ba	Bashkir	bachkir
bal		Baluchi	baloutchi
bam	bm	Bambara	bambara
ban		Balinese	balinais
baq/eus*	eu	Basque	basque
bas		Basa	basa
bat		Baltic (Other)	baltiques, autres langues
bej		Beja	bedja
bel	be	Belarusian	biélorusse
bem		Bemba	bemba
ben	bn	Bengali	bengali
ber		Berber (Other)	berbères, autres langues
bho		Bhojpuri	bhojpuri
bih	bh	Bihari	bihari
bik		Bikol	bikol
bin		Bini	bini
bis	bi	Bislama	bichlamar
bla		Siksika	blackfoot
bnt		Bantu (Other)	bantoues, autres langues
tib/bod*	bo	Tibetan	tibétain
bos	bs	Bosnian	bosniaque
bra		Braj	braj
bre	br	Breton	breton
btk		Batak (Indonesia)	batak (Indonésie)
bua		Buriat	bouriate
bug		Buginese	bugi
bul	bg	Bulgarian	bulgare
bur/mya*	my	Burmese	birman
byn		Blin; Bilin	blin; bilen

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C-D

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
cad		Caddo	caddo
cai		Central American Indian (Other)	indiennes d'Amérique centrale, autres langues
car		Carib	caribe
cat	ca	Catalan; Valencian	catalan; valencien
cau		Caucasian (Other)	caucasiennes, autres langues
ceb		Cebuano	cebuano
cel		Celtic (Other)	celtiques, autres langues
cze/ces*	cs	Czech	tchèque
cha	ch	Chamorro	chamorro
chb		Chibcha	chibcha
che	ce	Chechen	tchétchène
chg		Chagatai	djaghataï
chi/zho*	zh	Chinese	chinois
chk		Chuukese	chuuk
chm		Mari	mari
chn		Chinook jargon	chinook, jargon
cho		Choctaw	choctaw
chp		Chipewyan	chipewyan
chr		Cherokee	cherokee
chu	cu	Church Slavic; Old Slavonic; Church Slavonic; Old Bulgarian; Old Church Slavonic	slavon d'église; vieux slave; slavon liturgique; vieux bulgare
chv	cv	Chuvash	tchouvache
chy		Cheyenne	cheyenne
cmc		Chamic languages	chames, langues
cop		Coptic	copte
cor	kw	Cornish	cornique
cos	co	Corsican	corse
cpe		Creoles and pidgins, English based (Other)	créoles et pidgins anglais, autres
cpf		Creoles and pidgins, French-based (Other)	créoles et pidgins français, autres
cpp		Creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)	créoles et pidgins portugais, autres
cre	cr	Cree	cree
crh		Crimean Tatar; Crimean Turkish	tatar de Crimé
crp		Creoles and pidgins (Other)	créoles et pidgins divers
csb		Kashubian	kachoube
cus		Cushitic (Other)	couchitiques, autres langues
wel/cym*	cy	Welsh	gallois
cze/ces*	cs	Czech	tchèque
dak		Dakota	dakota
dan	da	Danish	danois
dar		Dargwa	dargwa
day		Dayak	dayak
del		Delaware	delaware
den		Slave (Athapascan)	esclave (athapascan)
ger/deu*	de	German	allemand
dgr		Dogrib	dogrib
din		Dinka	dinka
div	dv	Divehi	maldivien
doi		Dogri	dogri
dra		Dravidian (Other)	dravidiennes, autres langues
dsb		Lower Sorbian	bas-sorabe
dua		Duala	douala
dum		Dutch, Middle (ca.1050-1350)	néerlandais moyen (ca. 1050-1350)
dut/nld*	nl	Dutch; Flemish	néerlandais; flamand
dyu		Dyula	dioula
dzo	dz	Dzongkha	dzongkha

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E-F

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
efi		Efik	efik
egy		Egyptian (Ancient)	égyptien
eka		Ekajuk	ekajuk
gre/ell*	el	Greek, Modern (1453-)	grec moderne (après 1453)
elx		Elamite	élamite
eng	en	English	anglais
enm		English, Middle (1100-1500)	anglais moyen (1100-1500)
epo	eo	Esperanto	espéranto
est	et	Estonian	estonien
baq/eus*	eu	Basque	basque
ewe	ee	Ewe	éwé
ewo		Ewondo	éwondo
fan		Fang	fang
fao	fo	Faroese	féroïen
per/fas*	fa	Persian	persan
fat		Fanti	fanti
fij	fj	Fijian	fidjien
fil		Filipino; Pilipino	filipino; pilipino
fin	fi	Finnish	finnois
fiu		Finno-Ugrian (Other)	finno-ougriennes, autres langues
fon		Fon	fon
fre/fra*	fr	French	français
frm		French, Middle (ca.1400-1800)	français moyen (1400-1800)
fro		French, Old (842-ca.1400)	français ancien (842-ca.1400)
fry	fy	Frisian	frison
ful	ff	Fulah	peul
fur		Friulian	frioulan

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G-H

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
gaa		Ga	ga
gay		Gayo	gayo
gba		Gbaya	gbaya
gem		Germanic (Other)	germaniques, autres langues
geo/kat*	ka	Georgian	géorgien
ger/deu*	de	German	allemand
gez		Geez	guèze
gil		Gilbertese	kiribati
gla	gd	Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic	gaélique; gaélique écossais
gle	ga	Irish	irlandais
glg	gl	Gallegan	galicien
glv	gv	Manx	manx; mannois
gmh		German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500)	allemand, moyen haut (ca. 1050-1500)
goh		German, Old High (ca.750-1050)	allemand, vieux haut (ca. 750-1050)
gon		Gondi	gond
gor		Gorontalo	gorontalo
got		Gothic	gothique
grb		Grebo	grebo
grc		Greek, Ancient (to 1453)	grec ancien (jusqu'à 1453)
gre/ell*	el	Greek, Modern (1453-)	grec moderne (après 1453)
grn	gn	Guarani	guarani
guj	gu	Gujarati	goudjrati
gwi		Gwich´in	gwich´in
hai		Haida	haida
hat	ht	Haitian; Haitian Creole	haïtien; créole haïtien
hau	ha	Hausa	haoussa
haw		Hawaiian	hawaïen
heb	he	Hebrew	hébreu
her	hz	Herero	herero
hil		Hiligaynon	hiligaynon
him		Himachali	himachali
hin	hi	Hindi	hindi
hit		Hittite	hittite
hmn		Hmong	hmong
hmo	ho	Hiri Motu	hiri motu
scr/hrv*	hr	Croatian	croate
hsb		Upper Sorbian	haut-sorabe
hun	hu	Hungarian	hongrois
hup		Hupa	hupa
arm/hye*	hy	Armenian	arménien

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I-J

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
iba		Iban	iban
ibo	ig	Igbo	igbo
ice/isl*	is	Icelandic	islandais
ido	io	Ido	ido
iii	ii	Sichuan Yi	yi de Sichuan
ijo		Ijo	ijo
iku	iu	Inuktitut	inuktitut
ile	ie	Interlingue	interlingue
ilo		Iloko	ilocano
ina	ia	Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)	interlingua (langue auxiliaire internationale)
inc		Indic (Other)	indo-aryennes, autres langues
ind	id	Indonesian	indonésien
ine		Indo-European (Other)	indo-européennes, autres langues
inh		Ingush	ingouche
ipk	ik	Inupiaq	inupiaq
ira		Iranian (Other)	iraniennes, autres langues
iro		Iroquoian languages	iroquoises, langues (famille)
ice/isl*	is	Icelandic	islandais
ita	it	Italian	italien
jav	jv	Javanese	javanais
jbo		Lojban	lojban
jpn	ja	Japanese	japonais
jpr		Judeo-Persian	judéo-persan
jrb		Judeo-Arabic	judéo-arabe

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K-L

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
kaa		Kara-Kalpak	karakalpak
kab		Kabyle	kabyle
kac		Kachin	kachin
kal	kl	Kalaallisut; Greenlandic	groenlandais
kam		Kamba	kamba
kan	kn	Kannada	kannada
kar		Karen	karen
kas	ks	Kashmiri	kashmiri
geo/kat*	ka	Georgian	géorgien
kau	kr	Kanuri	kanouri
kaw		Kawi	kawi
kaz	kk	Kazakh	kazakh
kbd		Kabardian	kabardien
kha		Khasi	khasi
khi		Khoisan (Other)	khoisan, autres langues
khm	km	Khmer	khmer
kho		Khotanese	khotanais
kik	ki	Kikuyu; Gikuyu	kikuyu
kin	rw	Kinyarwanda	rwanda
kir	ky	Kirghiz	kirghize
kmb		Kimbundu	kimbundu
kok		Konkani	konkani
kom	kv	Komi	kom
kon	kg	Kongo	kongo
kor	ko	Korean	coréen
kos		Kosraean	kosrae
kpe		Kpelle	kpellé
krc		Karachay-Balkar	karatchaï balkar
kro		Kru	krou
kru		Kurukh	kurukh
kua	kj	Kuanyama; Kwanyama	kuanyama; kwanyama
kum		Kumyk	koumyk
kur	ku	Kurdish	kurde
kut		Kutenai	kutenai
lad		Ladino	judéo-espagnol
lah		Lahnda	lahnda
lam		Lamba	lamba
lao	lo	Lao	lao
lat	la	Latin	latin
lav	lv	Latvian	letton
lez		Lezghian	lezghien
lim	li	Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish	limbourgeois
lin	ln	Lingala	lingala
lit	lt	Lithuanian	lituanien
lol		Mongo	mongo
loz		Lozi	lozi
ltz	lb	Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch	luxembourgeois
lua		Luba-Lulua	luba-lulua
lub	lu	Luba-Katanga	luba-katanga
lug	lg	Ganda	ganda
lui		Luiseno	luiseno
lun		Lunda	lunda
luo		Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)	luo (Kenya et Tanzanie)
lus		lushai	Lushai

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M-N

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
mac/mkd*	mk	Macedonian	macédonien
mad		Madurese	madourais
mag		Magahi	magahi
mah	mh	Marshallese	marshall
mai		Maithili	maithili
mak		Makasar	makassar
mal	ml	Malayalam	malayalam
man		Mandingo	mandingue
mao/mri*	mi	Maori	maori
map		Austronesian (Other)	malayo-polynésiennes, autres langues
mar	mr	Marathi	marathe
mas		Masai	massaï
may/msa*	ms	Malay	malais
mdf		Moksha	moksa
mdr		Mandar	mandar
men		Mende	mendé
mga		Irish, Middle (900-1200)	irlandais moyen (900-1200)
mic		Mi'kmaq; Micmac	mi'kmaq; micmac
min		Minangkabau	minangkabau
mis		Miscellaneous languages	diverses, langues
mac/mkd*	mk	Macedonian	macédonien
mkh		Mon-Khmer (Other)	môn-khmer, autres langues
mlg	mg	Malagasy	malgache
mlt	mt	Maltese	maltais
mnc		Manchu	mandchou
mni		Manipuri	manipuri
mno		Manobo languages	manobo, langues
moh		Mohawk	mohawk
mol	mo	Moldavian	moldave
mon	mn	Mongolian	mongol
mos		Mossi	moré
mao/mri*	mi	Maori	maori
may/msa*	ms	Malay	malais
mul		Multiple languages	multilingue
mun		Munda languages	mounda, langues
mus		Creek	muskogee
mwl		Mirandese	mirandais
mwr		Marwari	marvari
bur/mya*	my	Burmese	birman
myn		Mayan languages	maya, langues
myv		Erzya	erza
nah		Nahuatl	nahuatl
nai		North American Indian	indiennes d'Amérique du Nord, autres langues
nap		Neapolitan	napolitain
nau	na	Nauru	nauruan
nav	nv	Navajo; Navaho	navaho
nbl	nr	Ndebele, South; South Ndebele	ndébélé du Sud
nde	nd	Ndebele, North; North Ndebele	ndébélé du Nord
ndo	ng	Ndonga	ndonga
nds		Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low	bas allemand; bas saxon; allemand, bas; saxon, bas
nep	ne	Nepali	népalais
new		Newari; Nepal Bhasa	newari; nepal bhasa
nia		Nias	nias
nic		Niger-Kordofanian (Other)	nigéro-congolaises, autres langues
niu		Niuean	niué
dut/nld*	nl	Dutch; Flemish	néerlandais; flamand
nno	nn	Norwegian Nynorsk; Nynorsk, Norwegian	norvégien nynorsk; nynorsk, norvégien
nob	nb	Norwegian Bokmål; Bokmål, Norwegian	norvégien bokmål; bokmål, norvégien
nog		Nogai	nogaï; nogay
non		Norse, Old	norrois, vieux
nor	no	Norwegian	norvégien
nso		Northern Sotho, Pedi; Sepedi	sotho du Nord; pedi; sepedi
nub		Nubian languages	nubiennes, langues
nwc		Classical Newari; Old Newari; Classical Nepal Bhasa	newari classique
nya	ny	Chichewa; Chewa; Nyanja	chichewa; chewa; nyanja
nym		Nyamwezi	nyamwezi
nyn		Nyankole	nyankolé
nyo		Nyoro	nyoro
nzi		Nzima	nzema

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O-P

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
oci	oc	Occitan (post 1500); Provençal	occitan (après 1500); provençal
oji	oj	Ojibwa	ojibwa
ori	or	Oriya	oriya
orm	om	Oromo	galla
osa		Osage	osage
oss	os	Ossetian; Ossetic	ossète
ota		Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928)	turc ottoman (1500-1928)
oto		Otomian languages	otomangue, langues
paa		Papuan (Other)	papoues, autres langues
pag		Pangasinan	pangasinan
pal		Pahlavi	pahlavi
pam		Pampanga	pampangan
pan	pa	Panjabi; Punjabi	pendjabi
pap		Papiamento	papiamento
pau		Palauan	palau
peo		Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.)	perse, vieux (ca. 600-400 av. J.-C.)
per/fas*	fa	Persian	persan
phi		Philippine (Other)	philippines, autres langues
phn		Phoenician	phénicien
pli	pi	Pali	pali
pol	pl	Polish	polonais
pon		Pohnpeian	pohnpei
por	pt	Portuguese	portugais
pra		Prakrit languages	prâkrit
pro		Provençal, Old (to 1500)	provençal ancien (jusqu'à 1500)
pus	ps	Pushto	pachto

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Q-R

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
qaa-qtz		Reserved for local use	réservée à l'usage local
que	qu	Quechua	quechua
raj		Rajasthani	rajasthani
rap		Rapanui	rapanui
rar		Rarotongan	rarotonga
roa		Romance (Other)	romanes, autres langues
roh	rm	Raeto-Romance	rhéto-roman
rom		Romany	tsigane
rum/ron*	ro	Romanian	roumain
run	rn	Rundi	rundi
rus	ru	Russian	russe

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S-T

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
sad		Sandawe	sandawe
sag	sg	Sango	sango
sah		Yakut	iakoute
sai		South American Indian (Other)	indiennes d'Amérique du Sud, autres langues
sal		Salishan languages	salish, langues
sam		Samaritan Aramaic	samaritain
san	sa	Sanskrit	sanskrit
sas		Sasak	sasak
sat		Santali	santal
scc/srp*	sr	Serbian	serbe
scn		Sicilian	sicilien
sco		Scots	écossais
scr/hrv*	hr	Croatian	croate
sel		Selkup	selkoupe
sem		Semitic (Other)	sémitiques, autres langues
sga		Irish, Old (to 900)	irlandais ancien (jusqu'à 900)
sgn		Sign Languages	langues des signes
shn		Shan	chan
sid		Sidamo	sidamo
sin	si	Sinhala; Sinhalese	singhalais
sio		Siouan languages	sioux, langues
sit		Sino-Tibetan (Other)	sino-tibétaines, autres langues
sla		Slavic (Other)	slaves, autres langues
slo/slk*	sk	Slovak	slovaque
slv	sl	Slovenian	slovène
sma		Southern Sami	sami du Sud
sme	se	Northern Sami	sami du Nord
smi		Sami languages (Other)	sami, autres langues
smj		Lule Sami	sami de Lule
smn		Inari Sami	sami d'Inari
smo	sm	Samoan	samoan
sms		Skolt Sami	sami skolt
sna	sn	Shona	shona
snd	sd	Sindhi	sindhi
snk		Soninke	soninké
sog		Sogdian	sogdien
som	so	Somali	somali
son		Songhai	songhai
sot	st	Sotho, Southern	sotho du Sud
spa	es	Spanish; Castilian	espagnol; castillan
alb/sqi*	sq	Albanian	albanais
srd	sc	Sardinian	sarde
scc/srp*	sr	Serbian	serbe
srr		Serer	sérère
ssa		Nilo-Saharan (Other)	nilo-sahariennes, autres langues
ssw	ss	Swati	swati
suk		Sukuma	sukuma
sun	su	Sundanese	soundanais
sus		Susu	soussou
sux		Sumerian	sumérien
swa	sw	Swahili	swahili
swe	sv	Swedish	suédois
syr		Syriac	syriaque
tah	ty	Tahitian	tahitien
tai		Tai (Other)	thaïes, autres langues
tam	ta	Tamil	tamoul
tat	tt	Tatar	tatar
tel	te	Telugu	télougou
tem		Timne	temne
ter		Tereno	tereno
tet		Tetum	tetum
tgk	tg	Tajik	tadjik
tgl	tl	Tagalog	tagalog
tha	th	Thai	thaï
tib/bod*	bo	Tibetan	tibétain
tig		Tigre	tigré
tir	ti	Tigrinya	tigrigna
tiv		Tiv	tiv
tkl		Tokelau	tokelau
tlh		Klingon; tlhIngan-Hol	klingon
tli		Tlingit	tlingit
tmh		Tamashek	tamacheq
tog		Tonga (Nyasa)	tonga (Nyasa)
ton	to	Tonga (Tonga Islands)	tongan (Îles Tonga)
tpi		Tok Pisin	tok pisin
tsi		Tsimshian	tsimshian
tsn	tn	Tswana	tswana
tso	ts	Tsonga	tsonga
tuk	tk	Turkmen	turkmène
tum		Tumbuka	tumbuka
tup		Tupi languages	tupi, langues
tur	tr	Turkish	turc
tut		Altaic (Other)	altaïques, autres langues
tvl		Tuvalu	tuvalu
twi	tw	Twi	twi
tyv		Tuvinian	touva

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U-Z

639-2	639-1	Language Name (English)	Language Name (French)
udm		Udmurt	oudmourte
uga		Ugaritic	ougaritique
uig	ug	Uighur; Uyghur	ouïgour
ukr	uk	Ukrainian	ukrainien
umb		Umbundu	umbundu
und		Undetermined	indéterminée
urd	ur	Urdu	ourdou
uzb	uz	Uzbek	ouszbek
vai		Vai	vaï
ven	ve	Venda	venda
vie	vi	Vietnamese	vietnamien
vol	vo	Volapük	volapük
vot		Votic	vote
wak		Wakashan languages	wakashennes, langues
wal		Walamo	walamo
war		Waray	waray
was		Washo	washo
wel/cym*	cy	Welsh	gallois
wen		Sorbian languages	sorabes, langues
wln	wa	Walloon	wallon
wol	wo	Wolof	wolof
xal		Kalmyk	kalmouk
xho	xh	Xhosa	xhosa
yao		Yao	yao
yap		Yapese	yapois
yid	yi	Yiddish	yiddish
yor	yo	Yoruba	yoruba
ypk		Yupik languages	yupik, langues
zap		Zapotec	zapotèque
zen		Zenaga	zenaga
zha	za	Zhuang; Chuang	zhuang; chuang
chi/zho*	zh	Chinese	chinois
znd		Zande	zandé
zul	zu	Zulu	zoulou
zun		Zuni	zuni

Top of Document

original link

NTBACKUP

Backup drives / folders to tape.
This page is for Windows 2000 and XP only - the syntax for Windows NT 4 is here

Syntax Windows 2000:

    NTBACKUP backup [systemstate] "bks file name"  /J {"job name"} [options]
       [/um]

Syntax Windows XP:

    NTBACKUP backup [systemstate] "@bks file name" /J {"job name"} [options]
       [/SNAP:{on|off}]


options:

systemstate
  Back up the System State data. 
  This will also force the backup type to normal or copy.

@bks file name
  The name of the backup selection file (.bks file).
  In WinXP the at (@) character must precede this name.
  A backup selection file contains information on the files and folders 
  to be backed up. 
  You have to create the file using the GUI version of NT Backup.

/J {"job name"}
  The job name to be used in the log file 
  Describe the files and folders and the backup date-time.

/P {"pool name"}
  The media pool from which you want to use media. 
  Usually a subpool of the Backup media pool, such as 4mm DDS.
  If you select this you cannot use /A, /G, /F, or /T

/G {"guid name"}
  Overwrite or append to this tape. 
  Don't use with a media Pool (/P).

/T {"tape name"}
  Overwrite or append to this tape.
  Don't use with a media Pool (/P).

/A
  Perform an append operation. 
  Either "guid name" (/G) or "tape name" (/T) must be specified with this switch. 
  Don't use with a media Pool (/P).

/N {"media name"}
  The new tape name. Don't use with Append (/A).

/F {"file name"}
  Backup to a file - logical disk path and file name.
  Do not use with the switches: /P /G /T.

/D {"set description"}
  Label for each backup set

/DS {"server name"}
  Back up the directory service file for MS Exchange 5.5 server. 
  This is not needed/does not work with Exchange 2000 since Exchange 2000
  uses Active Directory.

/IS {"server name"}
  Back up the Information Store file for an MS Exchange 5.5 Server.

/V:{yes|no}
  Verify the data after the backup is complete.

/R:{yes|no}
  Restrict access to this tape to the Owner/AdministratorS

/L:{f|s|n}
  The type of log file: f=full, s=summary, n=none

/M {backup type}
  The backup type. One of: normal, copy, differential, incremental, or daily

/RS:{yes|no}
  Backs up the migrated data files located in Remote Storage. 
  The /RS command-line option is not required to back up the local Removable 
  Storage database (that contains the Remote Storage placeholder files). 
  When you backup the %systemroot% folder, Backup automatically backs up the 
  Removable Storage database as well.

/HC:{on|off}
  Use hardware compression, if available, on the tape drive.

/SNAP:{on|off}
  Is the backup is a volume shadow copy. Windows XP only.

/um
  Find the first available media, format it, and use for the current backup.
  Use with the /p switch to scan for available media pools. 
   This option is documented for Windows 2000 only. 
  This command is only for standalone tape devices (not tape loaders.)
  The /UM switch must be at the end of the command line.

Bugs

Backups made using Windows Server 2003's NT Backup program can't be restored
with any previous WinNT Backup Program - (expect a patch for this soon.)

Mick Jagger sang backup vocals for "You're
so Vain" by Carly
Simon

Related Commands:

Q821730 - Backup does
not run as expected (Server 2003)
Q814583 - NT Backup
in Windows Server 2003
Q300439 - Online help
is incomplete (Win2000)
Q300135 - Using the
Windows 2000 Backup Wizard.
Q237310 - Manually Edit
Ntbackup.exe Selection Script Files
Q260327 - NT Backup
error codes. (Win2000)

CIPHER - Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
RSM - Remote Storage Management - Eject tapes (Win2000)
Undocumented Registry
keys for NT Backup (Win2000)
AT - Schedule a command to run at a later time
XCOPY - Copy files and folders

Equivalent Linux BASH command:

tar - Tape ARchiver

original link

Here is the basic perl program which does the same as the UNIX
cat command on a certain file.

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
#
# Program to open the password file, read it in,
# print it, and close it again.

$file = '/etc/passwd';		# Name the file
open(INFO, $file);		# Open the file
@lines = <INFO>;		# Read it into an array
close(INFO);			# Close the file
print @lines;			# Print the array

The open function opens a file for input (i.e. for
reading). The first parameter is the filehandle which allows Perl
to refer to the file in future. The second parameter is an expression
denoting the filename. If the filename was given in quotes then it is taken
literally without shell expansion. So the expression
'~/notes/todolist' will not be interpreted successfully. If
you want to force shell expansion then use angled brackets: that is, use

<~/notes/todolist> instead.

The close function tells Perl to finish with that file.

There are a few useful points to add to this discussion on filehandling.
First, the open statement can also specify a file for output
and for appending as well as for input. To do this, prefix the filename
with a > for output and a >> for
appending:

open(INFO, $file);	# Open for input
open(INFO, ">$file");	# Open for output
open(INFO, ">>$file");	# Open for appending
open(INFO, "<$file");	# Also open for input

Second, if you want to print something to a file you've already
opened for output then you can use the print statement with an
extra parameter. To print a string to the file with the INFO filehandle use

print INFO "This line goes to the file.\n";

Third, you can use the following to open
the standard input (usually the keyboard) and standard output
(usually the screen) respectively:

open(INFO, '-');	# Open standard input
open(INFO, '>-');	# Open standard output

In the above
program the information is read from a file. The
file is the INFO file and to read from it Perl uses angled brackets.
So the statement

@lines = <INFO>;

reads the file denoted by the filehandle into the array @lines. Note that
the <INFO> expression reads in the file entirely in one go. This
because the reading takes place in the context of an array variable. If
@lines is replaced by the scalar $lines then only the next one line would
be read in. In either case each line is stored complete with its newline
character at the end.


original link

-- to see disks and partitions

cat /proc/partitions

-- partition-util

parted /dev/hdd

--help

(parted) help

-- create partition with fs-type-reservation (without fs)

(parted) mkpart primary ext3 0 120000

-- double-check

(parted) print

-- label the new partition

e2label /dev/hdd1 /secretdisk

-- make filesystem on the new partition

/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdd1

-- create the new mountpoint

mkdir /secretdisk

-- create the new mapper

/usr/bin/cryptsetup -y create secretdisk /dev/hdd1

-> password for secretdisk

-- make the conversion

dd if=/dev/hdd1 of=/dev/mapper/secretdisk bs=4k

-- mount it

/bin/mount /dev/mapper/secretdisk /secretdisk

---> use it !!!

Apache::ASP provides an Active Server Pages port to the Apache Web Server with Perl scripting only, and enables developing of dynamic web applications with session management and embedded Perl code. There are also many powerful extensions, including XML taglibs, XSLT rendering, and new events not originally part of the ASP API!
...
...
original link

Life on the edge

Yeah well. Most of us use MS Windows or Linux on pretty normal Intel or PPC architectures but there are some people who like to live on the edge. Here is the modest (like one, man) beginning of our "exotic strings" list.

Mozilla/1.10 [en] (Compatible; RISC OS 3.70; Oregano 1.10)

Explanation: Browser Oregano (and these guys have got a choice of browsers!) running on the ACORN RISC PC. From Stanislas Renan.

Crawlers and Robots

This list is being discontinued since there are already a number of locations where you can get much better information than is maintained here. One of the best is also the home of the robots.txt site which describes how to stop (politely behaved) robots from looking at parts of your site using the robots.txt file. The current entries may now be seriously out of date.

FAST-WebCrawler/2.2.6 (crawler@fast.no; http://www.fast.no/faq/faqfastwebsearch/faqfastwebcrawler.html)

Explanation: ??

Googlebot/2.1 (+http://www.googlebot.com/bot.html)

Explanation: Google search robot.

ia_archiver

Explanation:Indexing engine from www.alexa.com - not known if currently active.

Mozilla/4.0 compatible ZyBorg/1.0 (ZyBorg@WISEnutbot.com; http://www.WISEnutbot.com)

Explanation: ZyBorg search engine good web page spelling out clearly the search conditions.

Sqworm/2.9.85-BETA (beta_release; 20011115-775; i686-pc-linux

Explanation: Sqworm.com search engine. No obvious place to go on the site to get information on its search robot.

Browser Help Objects

This section shows strings from a number of plug-ins or proxy services whose job in life (they have decided) is to help (maybe) the user as they meander throughout the 'net. We are going to try and build a list with links to the plug-in site and - with your help - categorise them both as to how they get installed - e.g. willing user or stealth and wheter they are benign or nasty. In may cases we just show the additional string that will result rather than a full browser string - we're not gonna install nasty things just for your information now are we - well not willingly we're not!

..FunWebSearch...

Explanation: MyWebSearch (or FunWebProducts enhanced browser - not classified as sypware or adware. To remove it - go here. Info from Chris Gulutz - thanks.

Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; Powermarks/3.5; Windows 95/98/2000/NT)

Explanation: PowerMarks seems to be a benign Bookmark enhancement for most of the popular browsers - not classified as sypware or adware. Info from David Ross - thanks.

Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; IDZap)

Explanation: IDZap enhanced browser. OK its done a good job and just defeated every browser detection string - now what.

Mozilla/3.01Gold (Macintosh; I; 68K)

Explanation: Life behind a junkbuster proxy. This is MSIE 5.0 on a Windows'95 PC - pretty obvious really! String from Phil Hibbs - thanks.

Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; ESB{A8417D9D-5087-4807-9D73-9E09290256CD})

String from Remco de Vijlder. Axel Kollmorgen and Eugene Sadhu suggest that it is most likely EasySearchBar (ESB - geddit). Jim Rofkar and Eugene Sadhu both add another possibility - Easy Start Bar for laptops. Thanks guys.

Page Validation Services

Page validation services are great until you try 'em with dynamically generated pages based on the browser - then you gotta know what they send.

Bobby/4.0.1 RPT-HTTPClient/0.3-3E

Explanation: A tool that checks web pages for Accessibility - Section 508 and W3C WCAC. String from Erik Bolsø

W3C_Validator/1.183 libwww-perl/5.64

Explanation: The W3C validation service string supplied when you request page validation by URI.

Jigsaw/2.2.0 W3C_CSS_Validator_JFouffa/2.0

Explanation: The W3C CSS validation service string.

Potentially Unpleasant Things

These strings or partial strings may have unknown side effects or be downright malicious depending on who is using them. You may want to know about 'em when they are visiting.

vobsub

Explanation: Contributed by Jan Praestkjaer. A CD ripping plug-in. More information may obtained here.

DigExt

Explanation: Contributed by John Bridges. 'DigExt' can appear in a MSIE browser string and is potentially pretty nasty. If you ask for content to be available off-line in certain versions of MSIE (we saw it on 5.0 and 4.x) then MSIE will grab a lot of stuff from the sites you visit and slave it in its temporary internet files. Pretty unpleasant stuff since it chews up your and the sites bandwidth. Sounds like a nice option but MS don't tell you the consequences. Now if I just knew where the option was I'd disable it but since I just upgraded to MSIE 6.0 (cos my 5.0 kept crashing after I refused an automatic update - any connection!! Oh and by the way in case you think we are prejudiced we also upgraded to NS6) I can't find any of this stuff and my browser string doesn't show 'DigExt' anymore - is this another mystery! If you are interested to get more info on the pernicious 'DigExt' John provided this link.

This may have morphed in the first string shown under the MSIE list - it contains 'MSIECrawler' - thanks to Adam Hauner.

Mystery Strings and Questions

1. Anyone recognize the CS 2000 in this string:

   Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:0.9.4.2) Gecko/20021112 CS 2000 7.0/7.0
   

   String from Willem van Nunen. Answer from Richard Aspden it is "the CompuServe 2000 application, which had Gecko built-in. AOL was going to do the same with it's own native software (AOL owning CS), but decided to use IE in the end anyway.". Many thanks.

2. Anyone recognize the ESB stuff in this string:

   Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; ESB{A8417D9D-5087-4807-9D73-9E09290256CD})
   

   String from Remco de Vijlder. Axel Kollmorgen, Eugene Sadhu and Jim Rofkar all made suggestions - we moved this one to the BHO section with the best links we can find.

3. Anyone recognize the DIL0001021 in this string:

   Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; DIL0001021)
   

   String from John Dobson.

4. Anyone recognize the H010818 in this string:

   Mozilla/4.0+(compatible;+MSIE+5.5;+Windows+NT+4.0;+H010818)
   

   String from Jim Rofkar. Possible Answer: From Eugene Sadhu "Interestingly this string "H010818" is found in the registry of WinME machines and may have some correlation to the WindowsUpdate App. Perhaps a browser used after visiting the WindowsUpdate site will send this string to other machines on the same session.
   HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\User Agent\Post Platform\H010818" Many thanks.

5. Anyone recognize this CLSID like string in a browser:

   Mozilla/4.0+(compatible;+MSIE+6.0;+Windows+NT+5.0;+{4E449FBB-3E07-4F3B-AF93-9F441086A756};+.NET+CLR+1.1.4322)
   Mozilla/4.0+(compatible;+MSIE+6.0;+Windows+NT+5.0;+{8E13D179-78A2-4C06-9BFC-EA5BF2EE1750})
   

   String from Jim Rofkar - followed by the answer from Jim also. These may indicate the browser has a BHO (Browser Helper Object) software installed (perhaps unwittingly) from either LOP foistware (site link appears broken) or WurlMedia. This site seems to keep a reasonably up-to-date list of nasty things. If you think you have got some nasty stuff on your browser just type 'hijack' into a google search and follow the most promising links.

6. ...SURF...

   Anyone know what application the word SURF in a browser string comes from? String from Erik Nelson. Tyler Bannister writes" One of our students is having a problem with her browser pre-fetching every page she reads in Internet Explorer. The problem doesn't occur in Netscape, thus it seems likely that "SURF" is some type of browser help object for IE and probably malware" - thanks - anyone got more on this one?

7. Mozilla/4.01 (Compatible; Acorn Phoenix 2.08 [intermediate]; RISC OS 4.39) Acorn-HTTP/0.84

   Anyone know what the browser being used is? String from Erik ?. Answer from Jim Rofkar. An early port of Phoenix (remember the pre firebird pre firefox mozilla browser!) onto the ACORN RISC OS. For all you ACORN fans current port is called Rozilla.

8. Anyone recognize this one:

   mozilla/4.0 (compatible; msie 6.0; windows 98; ypc 3.0.2; yplus 4.4.01d)

   Anyone know what the ypc and yplus is? String from Bruce Preston.

   Answer: It's Yahoo Parental Controls which seems to be available to you if you sign-up with Yahoo. Answer from John Pye - thanks.

9. Anyone recognize this one:

   Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; FREE; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)

   Anyone know what the FREE is? String from Jean Christophe Olivain. Axel Kollmorgen writes "seems to be a customized version of IE made by free.fr or a related company. all the "FREE" agents in my logs are from france and their ip's related somehow with free.fr". Thanks Axel. Confirmation from Symon Rottem who says that the isp free provides an installation CD with a customised version of MSIE. This one is now dead - maybe we should move to the MSIE strings.

10. Anyone recognize this one:

    Mozilla/4.5 RPT-HTTPClient/0.3-2

    We suspect this may be an e-mail extractor program, but we could be wrong. Anyone got a definitive answer? String from Michael Wilcox.

    Answer: It's an HTTP client library. Answer from Eugene Sadhu - thanks.

11. Anyone recognize the KTXN part of this string:

    Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; KTXN)

    Anyone got any idea? String from Chug Yang.

12. Anyone recognize this one:

    SUNPlex 4.1 (Trusted Solaris 8 Operating Environment; Solaris 8 OE; Sun Fire 15K)

    Seems to be from a SUN Secure cluster - benign application or something more sinister? String from Erik's ? logs.

    We got this in response: "SUNPlex Manager is a web-based administration tool for the SunCluster 3 clustering software. Trusted Solaris is a secured version of the Solaris operating system (I believe it at one point was rated C2 in the Orange Book but I don't know for sure what it is now). Sun Fire 15K is the Godzilla of servers, one of my favorite machines to work on, and makes one awesomungus web browser." Thanks to Joe George.

13. Anyone recognize this one:

    Mozilla/3.0 (compatible; HP Web PrintSmart 04b0 1.0.1.34)

    String from Dan Johnson's logs.

    Answer: Eugene Sadhu writes "HP Web PrintSmart software is a tool for creating custom printed documents from Web pages that you retrieve from anywhere on the Web." His view is its probably not available now (we checked and could only a historic reference n HP's pages). Thanks Eugene.

14. Anyone recognize this one:

    Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.0; Win3.1; ATHMWWW1.1;)

    String from Dan Johnsons logs. MSIE 5.0 does not run on windows 3.1 so its something else. Just someone playing with browsers ids?

    Answer: This is the browser string from Excite@home's custom browser so we suspect is version 3.1 runing on a Windows platform - anyone know the base technology e.g. custom MSIE or what. Answer from Eugene Sadhu - thanks.

15. Anyone recognize this one:

    Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.0; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)

    Answer: Neal Blomfield writes "The following user agent string listed as a mystery string on your website looks like IE6 on Win2k running both verion 1 (.NET CLR 1.0.3705) and version 1.1 (.NET CLR
    1.1.4322) of the .NET framework". Sounds plausible to us. Thanks Neal. Bobby Mcgee also provided this link http://www.httprevealer.com/usage_dotnet.htm to help identify folks using the .NET infrastructure. Thanks Bobby.

16. What does 'DigExt' mean (solved - credit to John Bridges see here).
17. Anyone recognize the browser or OS:

    'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; ICS 1.2.105)'

    Answer: Marc Schneider suggests it's probably from Novell's Internet Caching system. We also got confirmation of this from Eugene Sadhu "It is most probably from the Compaq TaskSmart C-Series server, in fact, one that had the upgrade patch to build 1.2.105 installed (released 15 Sep 2000)" Mystery solved - thanks guys.

18. Anyone know what the 'U' is in many Linux browser strings.
    Answer: From Rickard Anglerud - thanks: It defines security level and may have one of the following values:
    • N for no security
    • U for strong security
    • I for weak security
19. Anyone recognise this baby?
    Sqworm/2.9.85-BETA (beta_release; 20011115-775; i686-pc-linux
    Submitted by: Mike van Riel
    
    Answer: From Evan Walters - thanks: Its a new crawler from Sqworm.com a search site - a most unfortunate name don't you think (maybe they thought it was funny or something).

Our Browser rants

Maybe you got here by mistake or just scrolled off the bottom, however now that we got your attention here are some of our rants:

• Browser strings II: There is no standard for browser strings. There is a passing reference and a single example in the RFC 1945 and 2096 (The HTTP specs). In the meantime chaos reigns. Folks have concerns about privacy, some about security and buggy software so the operational solution is to allow the user to set whatever string they want which defeats the whole objective. We think the W3C (or maybe IETF) should standardize. We have written to the W3C since we think its more in their domain. We don't care what the standard is - but we'd like one!

• Browser strings: We gotta support the main browsers. We use 5 tests in our Apache server to tell us what Javascript/HTML/CSS to deliver for the DOM and CSS variations. We don't plan to add a 6th test (our objective in life is not to have the longest browser detection script in the world). We check the Mozilla equivalence level, MSIE number, and now for 'Gecko'. If any browser provides this information correctly we'll generate good results and the new browser gets to piggy-back to fame and stardom .. if not well..... Terribly sorry about that - don't know what came over us!

• Unsupported Browsers: Well we finally decided to give in and we now place the following notice on our pages for folks whose browser we don't support 'If you are happy it's OK - but your browser is giving a less than optimal experience on our site. You could, at no charge, upgrade to a W3C STANDARDS COMPLIANT browser such as Mozilla'. Yes it messes up the page layout but is probably messed up anyway.

• Netscape 4.x: We regard this browser as dead. Its quirks - which were ground breaking at the time - are now just a pain. We have stopped adding new capability for this browser. We still check pages load correctly but that's it. End of an era. But the beginning of another - long live Gecko.

• W3C DOM Support: Seems to us we are making a mistake by doing all this cross-browser work. With the advent of the W3C DOM why should we site owners reward a non-compliant browser by putting effort and code into supporting something quirky. OK we have no choice with MSIE - whatever its quirks the majority of site visitors by far will be using it. And from v6 it's NOT BAD. But other browsers - we will increasing treat them as if they did not support Javascript and we are considering putting a note on the page to the effect that their browser is not W3C compliant. Comments?!

• Our Opinion - read with care. Was a time when there was only Netscape, then MSIE destroyed Netscape and took over - because it had a better browser. But today MSIE 6.0+ is a very ordinary browser - fat and feature poor. Now we have multiple very high quality Mozilla versions (Mozilla, Phoenix/Firebird, Camino, NS 7.x), the Gecko clones (K-Meleon is our current browser of choice) and now Opera 7+ which looks great (love that Aqua menu bar) is very small, has great CSS2 support and reasonable DOM support and is feature packed. Why does MSIE still have that 80+% market share? We don't understand it. End of opinion!

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Browser ID (User-Agent) Strings (Part I)