Here is the basic perl program which does the same as the UNIX
cat command on a certain file.

#!/usr/local/bin/perl
#
# Program to open the password file, read it in,
# print it, and close it again.

$file = '/etc/passwd';		# Name the file
open(INFO, $file);		# Open the file
@lines = <INFO>;		# Read it into an array
close(INFO);			# Close the file
print @lines;			# Print the array

The open function opens a file for input (i.e. for
reading). The first parameter is the filehandle which allows Perl
to refer to the file in future. The second parameter is an expression
denoting the filename. If the filename was given in quotes then it is taken
literally without shell expansion. So the expression
'~/notes/todolist' will not be interpreted successfully. If
you want to force shell expansion then use angled brackets: that is, use

<~/notes/todolist> instead.

The close function tells Perl to finish with that file.

There are a few useful points to add to this discussion on filehandling.
First, the open statement can also specify a file for output
and for appending as well as for input. To do this, prefix the filename
with a > for output and a >> for
appending:

open(INFO, $file);	# Open for input
open(INFO, ">$file");	# Open for output
open(INFO, ">>$file");	# Open for appending
open(INFO, "<$file");	# Also open for input

Second, if you want to print something to a file you've already
opened for output then you can use the print statement with an
extra parameter. To print a string to the file with the INFO filehandle use

print INFO "This line goes to the file.\n";

Third, you can use the following to open
the standard input (usually the keyboard) and standard output
(usually the screen) respectively:

open(INFO, '-');	# Open standard input
open(INFO, '>-');	# Open standard output

In the above
program the information is read from a file. The
file is the INFO file and to read from it Perl uses angled brackets.
So the statement

@lines = <INFO>;

reads the file denoted by the filehandle into the array @lines. Note that
the <INFO> expression reads in the file entirely in one go. This
because the reading takes place in the context of an array variable. If
@lines is replaced by the scalar $lines then only the next one line would
be read in. In either case each line is stored complete with its newline
character at the end.


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